The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n. 307937 and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grant EP/J009520/1. This work was done in part while the author was visiting the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing, supported by the Simons Foundation and by the DIMACS/Simons Collaboration in Cryptography through NSF grant #CNS-1523467.
群操作の計算、双線形写像の評価、群のメンバーシップの決定、群要素の等価性の決定、群の生成元のサンプリングに対する効率的なアルゴリズムが存在する。これらを一般群操作 (generic group operations) と呼ぶ。
双線形群の設定は の対称双線形群と、 の非対称線形群の両方を設定する多くの方法が存在する。Galbraith, Paterson and Smart [GPS08] は双線形群を の Type I、効率的に計算可能で非自明な準同形 が存在する Type II、および と の間にそのような効率的に計算可能な準同形が存在しない Type III に分類している。Type III 双線形群は双線形群の中でも最も効率的なタイプであるため実際のアプリケーションに最も適している。我々は Type III 双線形群におけるペアリングベースの SNARG の下限を与える。一方で我々の構造は 3 タイプ全ての双線形群でインスタンス化することができる。
3.2 NIZK arguments for quadratic arithmetic programs
4 Lower bounds for non-interactive arguments
4.1 Linear interactive proofs cannot have linear decision procedures
4.2 Lower bound for the size of generic pairing-based non-interactive arguments
acknowledgements
We are grateful to Alessandro Chiesa and Madars Virza for extensive comments on an earlier version of this paper and for their implementation and analysis of the SNARK in the libsnark library [CV16]. We also thank Eran Tromer and Michael Walfish for interesting discussions about the performance of SNARK implementations and the anonymous reviewers for their comments.
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