Dan Boneh
1
, Manu Drijvers
2,3
, and Gregory Neven
2 1 Stanford University dabo@cs.stanford.edu 2 IBM Research – Zurich {mdr,nev}@zurich.ibm.com 3 ETH Zurich
:
If
then output
fail
Let
such that
For
do
;
;
Repeat until
or
such that
Let
If
and
and
then
;
If
for all
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else output
fail
Ristenpart and Yilek [47] によって最初に観察されたように、マルチ署名での不正鍵攻撃は署名者が自身の公開鍵にいわゆる所有の証明 (proof of possession) (PoP) を追加することによって防ぐことができる。特に Boldyreva の [10, 13] と Lu ら [32] のマルチ署名の場合にこれが当てはまることを示している。我々は Maxwell らの鍵集約 [35] ではなく、PoP を検証した後に、より簡単な鍵集約を生成する PoP を使用しても我々の全てのスキームが強化できることを示す。これは集約鍵が個々の鍵の単純な積であるようなものである。
PoP を使用するスキームの主な欠点はもちろん公開鍵サイズの増加である。しかしながら、個々の公開鍵のサイズは問題にはならない場合もある。例えば主体の Multisig アドレスは、全ての署名者が集約公開鍵を知っており合意している限り、原則として全ての署名者の個々の公開鍵を明らかにする必要はない。署名者たちは Multisig ウォレットが作成されたときにお互いの PoP を交換し検証することによって集約鍵に対する信頼を構築でき、集約鍵は外部世界にのみ宣伝する。(Blockchain のような) 分散台帳において、署名者は比較的小さく静的なノードの集合である場合があり、その公開鍵は一度検証された後、任意の組み合わせで集約される。
我々のスキームの PoP 変種は検討する価値のあるいくつかの利点がある。つまり集約公開鍵は、アクティブな署名者の集合が頻繁に変更される場合に関連する multi-exponentiation とは対照的に、個々の鍵の単純な乗算および/またはハッシュである。また、それらのセキュリティ証明は (第一層) 分岐を回避し、セキュリティの大幅な削減をもたらし、従って具体的なセキュリティが考慮される状況でより短い鍵と署名のサイズをもたらす。
以下では元のスキームとそれらのセキュリティに対する PoP 変種の違いを要約しているだけである。セキュリティの証明は補足資料に記載されている。
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